Abstract

The immune system is altered as a result of climate change and other environmental factors getting worse. This results in fresh outbreaks of diseases that are already recognised, an increase in opportunistic pathogens, and a decrease in fish resistance. The surge in aquaculture production is currently facing a concomitant rise in disease outbreaks due to the climate change, posing significant threats to the productivity, financial viability, and long-term sustainability of global aquaculture operations. This includes the enhancement of water quality, implementation of robust biosecurity measures on farms, and the utilization of disease-free sources of fish. In this context, vaccination emerges as a highly effective, economically viable, and practically feasible solution. This article delves into the crucial realm of fish health management, focusing specifically on the development of vaccines as a key strategy to combat infectious diseases in aquaculture. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the intricacies involved in the development of fish vaccines, the article aims to shed light on the significance of immunization in preventing disease outbreaks and ensuring the overall health of aquatic populations. The discussion encompasses various aspects, including the scientific and technological foundations of vaccine development, considerations for practical application in aquaculture settings, and economic and environmental benefits associated with widespread vaccine adoption. By addressing the challenges and opportunities in this field, the article aims to contribute valuable insights to the ongoing efforts aimed at bolstering the resilience and sustainability of the global aquaculture industry through the strategic use of vaccination as a disease management tool.