Abstract

Nanotechnology has revolutionized the textile industry by enabling the development of smart, functional, and high-performance fabrics. This chapter explores the synthesis, classification, and integration of nanomaterials including metal, metal oxide, carbon-based, polymeric, and silica nanoparticles into textile substrates. Various incorporation techniques such as sol–gel coating, nanoencapsulation, electrospinning, and traditional finishing methods like padding and exhaustion are discussed in detail. The functional properties imparted by nanomaterials, such as antimicrobial activity, UV protection, water and stain repellency, flame retardancy, and enhanced mechanical strength, are critically examined along with their applications across healthcare, sportswear, military, and fashion sectors. The chapter also addresses environmental and health concerns associated with nanomaterial usage, recent technological advancements, and future prospects, including the emergence of IoT-enabled smart textiles and sustainable nanofabrication techniques. This comprehensive overview provides valuable insights for researchers, industry professionals, and stakeholders aiming to harness nanotechnology for sustainable textile innovation.