Abstract

Usually found at the atomic or molecular scale, thin films have unique physical and chemical characteristics that are impacted by the size, shape, and spatial distribution of nanoparticles. Understanding these films' structure, surface characteristics, and functional behaviour requires accurate characterisation. Numerous spectroscopic and microscopic methods have been developed to gather comprehensive data on the composition and shape of thin films. Crystallinity, particle arrangement, and surface topography can all be understood by microscopic techniques like as X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). These methods create high-resolution pictures of individual particles and allow for visualisation and measurement at the nanoscale. Optical characteristics, molecular vibrations, elemental composition, and chemical bonding are all investigated using spectroscopic techniques like UV-visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). Combining these techniques gives researchers a thorough grasp of thin film systems, which helps with material design and optimisation for uses in energy storage, electronics, sensors, and catalysis. The development of high-performance thin film nanomaterials is supported by the exact evaluation of structural and functional properties that is ensured by the combination of numerous approaches.